Long Put Ratio Spread
Risk: limited
Reward: limited but very big
General Description
Entering a long put ratio spread entails selling a higher strike put and buying twice as many lower strike puts (same expiration month). It's the same as a put backspread except the ratio of long puts to short puts is locked at 2:1.
(draw a long put ratio spread risk diagram here)
The Thinking
You're bearish and believe the underlying stock has big downside potential. But instead of using a long put strategy, which has high cost of entry, you use a long put ratio spread, which has a much lower initial cost (possibly a net credit) but still has unlimited profit potential. Essentially you are using the proceeds from the short put leg to pay for the long put leg. If you're wrong and the stock drops, you won't lose much, if anything, because as an added bonus, depending on how the trade is constructed, you may be able to initiate the trade for a net credit.
Example
XYZ is at $62.00, and you’re so confident the stock has big downside potential – so big you are willing to roll the dice with out-of-the-money puts – but you’d like to lessen the loss incurred should the stock drop. You buy (2) 60 puts for $3.00 each and sell (1) 65 put for 6.00. The trade is initiated for no cost or credit (other than commissions).
Above $65, all puts expire worthless, and you won’t make or lose money on the trade.
At $60, your max loss occurs. You lose money on the long puts (you bought then for $3.00, now they’re worthless) but make a little in time decay on the short put (you sold it for $6.00, not it’s worth $5.00). So the total loss is $5.00.
Below $60, the profit from one of your long puts will be canceled out by the loss of the short put, but you’ll make money point-for-point via the other long put (once the stock is below breakeven).
Compared to a long put, a long put ratio spread gives you some upside protection, but your downside is reduced, your breakeven level is less favorable and your loss, should the stock not experience a big move, is greater.
The PL chart below graphically shows where this trade will be profitable and at a loss.
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